Alstadhaug serves as a senior consultant neurologist at Nordlandssykehuset in Bodø, and his research is primarily clinical, focusing on everything from stroke and infections in the central nervous system to demyelinating diseases and various headache conditions. He is particularly interested in migraine and the role of the hypothalamus in primary headaches. In 2014-2016 he was a visiting researcher at Imperial College in London where he worked with an experimental animal model.